The role of Sinai in cultural and civilizational transitions during the Middle Kingdom

Document Type : Academic scientific reviews of any other material related to the main domains of this Journal.

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Higher Institute of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations Zagazig University

Abstract

During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt began to recover from the hardships it faced during the First Intermediate Period. In the Levant, this period witnessed economic and urban revival, as well as advanced trade and political relationships with most of the ancient civilizations in the Near East, particularly between Egypt and the Levant. It also saw a significant increase in the migrations of the Amorite, Canaanite, and Semitic peoples. The Amorites settled in the Levant and its southeastern regions (Jordan), while the Canaanites settled along its coast and in its southwestern regions (modern-day Palestine). This contributed to the Egyptians' growing concern about the threat to Egypt from the northeastern direction, especially from the south of the Levant (Jordan and Palestine). As a result, the kings of the Middle Kingdom built and fortified many sites in northern Sinai and southern Levant, such as in Megiddo in the Marj Ibn Amer plain in northern Palestine.Egyptian trade flourished with the southern regions of the Levant and the Syrian coast, and Egyptian influences on art and industries in the Levant became apparent. Archaeological discoveries confirmed the depth of the relationship between Egypt and the southern regions of the Levant,

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